DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is An individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes, also called genetic fingerprint.DNA is the stuff in you that makes you different from everybody else, because nobody else has the same DNA as you. DNA fingerprinting can be used in a multiple uses. From finding your biological mother to solving a crime scene. Your fingerprint is huge compared to your DNA so it is easier to identify it. The possiblities are endless with DNA fingerprinting. In the near future we might beable to find out so much mroe using DNA fingerprinting. Gel Electrophoresis is is a technique used for the separation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein molecules using an electric field applied to gel matrix. This is usually done to seperate your DNA in order to gain information, also can be used with DNA cloning, or sequencing.

1). What is one other thing that can be done using DNA fingerprinting?



2). Why is DNA fingerprinting accurate?



3). DNA fingerprinting is considered to be 99.9 % accurate, name three scenario's where it would not be accurate?

Genetic Engineering Concerning Humans

Human genetic engineering is the modification of a human's gentotype with the purpose of choosing the phenotype of a newborn or changing the existing pheotype of a child or adult. This idea gives promising hopes of curing genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and making people more immune to viruses. Some experts believe that genetic engineering could be used to change physical appearance, metabolism, and even improve mental abilities like memory and intelligence. For now though, these uses are considered science fiction.

Ho Ho Ho MERRRRRY CHRISTMAS
Questions:
1. Explain the history of human genetic engineering. HEY THERE

2. What are the pros of human genetic engineering and what exactly could it achieve and what are the cons of human genetic engineering and why is it so controversial? HOW ART THOU?

3. What are your views on human genetic engineering? (I expect a detailed paragraph por favor) HOPE YOU'RE ENJOYING YOUR LIFE THERE CHUMMY
HE HE HE HOW CLEVER AM i?

DNA Structure

The two strands of the double helix are anti-parallel, which means that they run in opposite directions. The backbone of a double helix is made of sugar-phosphate. The backbone can be thought of as the sides of a ladder, whereas the bases in the middle form the steps; also known as rungs of the ladder. Each rung is composed of two base pairs, either an adenine-thymine pair that form a two-hydrogen bond together, or a cytosine-guanine pair that form a three-hydrogen bond. The base pairing is thus restricted. This restriction is essential when the DNA is being copied. When DNA-helix is spread out in two long stretches of sugar-phosphate backbone with a line of free bases sticking up from it. Each half will then be the template for a new, complementary strand. Biological machines inside the cell put the corresponding free bases onto the split molecule and also "proof-read" the result to find and correct any mistakes. After the doubling, this gives rise to two exact copies of the original DNA molecule. The coding regions in the DNA strand, the genes, make up only a fraction of the total amount of DNA. The DNA stretches that flank the coding regions are called introns, and consist of non-coding DNA. Today, biologists and geneticists believe that this non-coding, also known as introns; in DNA may be essential in order to expose the coding regions and to regulate how the genes are expressed.


1. What is the backbone of the double helix made of?

2. What is essential when the DNA is being copied?

3. What are introns essential for in DNA?

Experiments with DNA Discoveries

Frederick Griffith

• His experiment involved mice and 2 types of pneumonia ( a virulent kind & a non-virulent kind)
• the virulent pneumonia injection + mouse= it ended up dying.
• the non-virulent pneumonia injection+ mouse= ended up living
• He then heated up the virulent disease & killed it , then injected it into another mouse, it ended up living.
• Lastly he heated up the virulent & non-virulent pneumonia, then injected it into another mouse, it ended up dying.
• Griffith discovered the passing on of the inheritance molecule was what he called "transformation".

James Watson & Francis Crick

• Watson and Crick used a picture of crystallized DNA to put together a model of DNA.
• They found out that if you paired Thymine with Adenine and Guanine with Cytosine, the DNA would be uniformed.
• Their model showed a double helix with bases of nucleotide connecting the 2 strands.

Oswald Avery

• Avery followed up on Griffith's experiment.
• He destroyed the lipids, ribonucleic acids, carbohydrates, & proteines of the virulent pneumonia. Resulting in transformation
• He then destoryed the DNA, and transformation did not occur.
• Avery discovered the inheritance molecule (DNA).

Questions

1. Name another experiment dealing with DNA and what did they discover?

2. What is transformation?

3. Who also contributed to the discovery of the model of DNA?

DNA Mutations/Insertion Mutation/Myotonic Dystrophy

There are several types of DNA Mutations that can occur. These range in many different categories such as Substitution, Insertion, Deletion, and Frameshift. I chose to research DNA Insertion more in depth. This form of mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are inserted into a sequence. If a number of inserted bases are not a multiple of 3, it will cause a frameshift resulting in serious consequences. Non-frameshifting insertions however may cause diseases. One disease that I chose to research further was Myotonic Dystrophy. This disease is a result of Non-frameshifting instertions. Myotonic Dystrophy is a chronic, slowly progressing, highly variable inherited multisystemic disease. This disease causes the weakening of muscles, heart conduction defects, and endocrine changes. This disease is categorized into two different disease types. Type 1 and type 2, type 1 being more severe and type 2 being mild to moderate. Type 1 occurs in nearly 98% of the cases of Myotonic Dystrohpy while type 2 makes up the remaining 2%. Some symptoms that occur with this disease are severe muscle pain, muscle fatigue, and delayed learning in regards to language and behavior. This disease also causes people to become insulin resistant, meaning there isn’t an adequate amount of insulin in the body. Other symptoms that are present in this disease can occur at birth. Type 2 or the milder version of Myotonic Dystrophy has been found to be present during many births causing congenital defects to developing fetuses. This symptom has yet to be found in Type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and thus will be passed along to 50% of a carrier's offspring, on average. There are currently no known treatments for Myotonic Disorder due to the plethora of symptoms.

1. Explain another type of DNA Mutation.
2. What is another disease caused by DNA Insertion and explain it.
3. When a disease is autosomal dominant what doe this mean?

DNA Mutation

DNA

Composed of two strands that wrap around each other, the double helix.

The DNA strand is made up of four letters, G A T and C.

G stands for Guanine

A stands for Adenine

T stands for Thymine

C stands for Cytosine

DNA Mutation

Substitution

Where one letter is exchanged for another.

Deletion

When a section of DNA is lost

Insertion

Extra pairs of DNA are randomly added

Frameshift

DNA coding is in sections tha are three letters long, frameshifting is when the first letter is lost, but the sections will remain in 3-letter parts.

More easily explained using words, The fat cat sat = Hef at cats at

Causes of Mutations

DNA fails to copy accurately

DNA is influenced

Radiation, chemicals

1.W1.What are some effects of DNA mutation?

2.H2.How is it possible to have multiple sets of DNA?

3. How can a DNA mutation affect health and development?